Just a short video for a friend whose family is affected by Alzheimer’s Disease. For more information on Alzheimer’s Disease, please see the following sites or visit your own national association/society site. Alzheimer’s Association of Australia www.alzheimers.org.au Alzheimer’s Association (USA) www.alz.org Alzheimer’s Society (UK) www.alzheimers.org.uk Thank you for watching.
Alzheimer’s disease inherited through maternal line, study finds
A family history of Alzheimer’s disease significantly increases the risk for developing this disorder, but a new study suggests that which of your parents has the disease is very important.
Read more on Science Daily
The disease can begin many years before it is eventually diagnosed. In its early stages, short-term memory loss is the most common symptom, often initially thought to be caused by aging or stress by the sufferer. Later symptoms include confusion, anger, mood swings, language breakdown, long-term memory loss, and the general withdrawal of the sufferer as his or her senses decline. Gradually the sufferer loses minor, and then major bodily functions, until death occurs. Although the symptoms are common, each individual experiences the symptoms in unique ways. The duration of the disease is estimated as being between 5 and 20 years.
More than 4.5 million Americans are believed to have Alzheimer’s disease and by 2050, the number could increase to 13.2 million. Approximately 65,800 victims die and 350,000 new cases of Alzheimer’s disease are diagnosed each year. America is not alone in dealing with this terrible affliction. In every nation where life expectancy has increased, so has the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is becoming tragically common. It is estimated that there are currently 26 million people worldwide with Alzheimer’s disease. This figure is projected to grow to more than 106 million people by 2050.
The first sign of Alzheimer disease is a continuous pattern of forgetting things. This starts to affect a person’s daily life. He or she may forget where the grocery store is or the names of family and friends. This stage of the disease may last for some time or quickly progress, causing memory loss and forgetfulness to get worse.
Although some kinds of memory loss are normal parts of aging, the changes due to aging are not severe enough to interfere with the level of function. Many different diseases can cause dementia, but Alzheimer’s disease is by far the most common cause for dementia in the United States and in most countries in the world.
Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person’s ability to carry out daily activities. The most common form of dementia among older people is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which initially involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. Although scientists are learning more every day, right now they still do not know what causes AD, and there is no cure.
There is no cure for AD and no way to slow the progression of the disease. For some people in the early or middle stages of AD, medication such as tacrine (Cognex) may alleviate some cognitive symptoms. Donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Reminyl) may keep some symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time. A fifth drug, memantine (Namenda), was recently approved for use in the United States. Combining memantine with other.
The likelihood of having Alzheimer’s disease increases substantially after the age of 70 and may affect around 50% of persons over the age of 85. Nonetheless, Alzheimer’s disease is not a normal part of aging and is not something that inevitably happens in later life. For example, many people live to over 100 years of age and never develop Alzheimer’s disease.
AD drugs may be more effective than any single therapy. One controlled clinical trial found that patients receiving donepezil plus memantine had better cognition and other functions than patients receiving donepezil alone. Also, other medications may help control behavioral symptoms such as sleeplessness, agitation, wandering, anxiety, and depression.
The tracer, called Pittsburgh Compound-B, was used during a PET scan on a woman diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease 10 months before her death. The tracer showed plaque build-up in the same areas of the brain where plaques were found upon autopsy.
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Alzheimer’s disease follows a general pattern as it worsens over time. Learn what to expect as this common disease runs its course.Watch More Health Videos at Health Guru: www.healthguru.com
Alzheimer?s Disease
Along with the development of modern technologies, going to the moon and other exciting developments humans face the threat of diseases that affect the process of life and can be lethal in some cases. One of the illnesses that have a great affect on people’s behavior is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Alzheimer’s disease is the degenerative disease of the brain among old people from which there is no recovery. Slowly the disease attacks the brain cells in all parts of the brain and some surrounding structures, so the an ill person loses the previous abilities to govern emotions, understand mistakes, coordinate his movements and finally a person loses all of his memory and ability to mentally function (B. Heights 2002).
AD is named after German doctor Alois Alzheimer. Dr. Alzheimer noticed changes in the brain tissue of a woman that died of an unusual mental illness. He found abnormal clumps (now called amyloid plaques) and tangled bundles of fibers (now called neurofibrillary tangles). Today, these plaques and tangles in the brain are considered hallmarks of AD. Many scientists have found other brain changes in people with AD. There is a loss of nerve cells in areas of the brain that are vital to memory and other mental abilities. There also are lower levels of chemicals in the brain that carry complex messages back and forth between nerve cells. AD may disrupt normal thinking and memory by blocking these messages between nerve cells (H. Simon).
Scientists are finding specific biologic factors (Peter, Konrad, and Ballenger 2000) involved with the AD. Different environmental and genetic aspects take part in causing AD. However, the actual cause of the disease is still unknown. The greatest known risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer’s are increasing age and a family history of AD. Researches all over the world are trying to find other factors that can cause AD.
AD is nowadays the fourth leading cause of death among the adults. Nearly four million Americans have it. The number doubles every five years in people over sixty five years old. By the age of eighty five almost half of Americans have AD. Some studies show that women have much higher risk of being affected by the AD than men (most of these studies were conducted on European and Asian populations, the U.S. studies, however, found no major differences). If there is a gender difference, then it is because of estrogen which is the main female’s hormone that is responsible for protecting against memory losses and normal mental functioning as compared to normal age. When a female gets older, the drop of estrogen level takes place after menopause and that could explain the higher risk of AD for older women than for men. From the other side, some of testosterone, male hormone, converts into estrogen and that could protect men. People that have a family history of the disease are above the average risk level for AD. Researchers have found that ApoE4 gene could be responsible for late and early onset cases. Some studies discovered that African Americans and Hispanics are at higher risk than Caucasian Americans, AD happens less often in Native Americans Crees and Cherokees and in Asians than in regular American population. Genes may have dissimilar effects in different populations (Tanzi and Ann B. 2000).
High blood pressure and high cholesterol levels can be in fact even more risky than ApoE4. At a very high risk are also people that inherit the Down syndrome. Some other risk factors are: 1) lower education and economic groups, 2) small head size, 3) Depression, 4) head injury.
A very dangerous thing about AD is that brain is being damaged for years before even the symptoms appear. The early symptoms that appear might be so mild that people could hardly notice them. The first one could be forgetfulness. People with AD may have troubles with recalling names of people that they know or remember latest events or solve simple math problems. As the disease progresses people may face
• Unreasonable weight losses
• Incontinence
• Changes in sexuality
• Difficulties in walking
• Depression, apathy, irritability
Half of all patients that have AD face the psychotic problems that can include hallucinations, visions. It is a complex form of the disease that is probably based in the genetic level. Many other medical conditions have similar to Alzheimer’s symptoms. It is crucially important to identify the right disease to succeed in future treatments of it. However, we have not yet developed a test that would diagnose AD with the hundred percent guarantee. So, right now diagnosis involves ruling out other disorders the following questions about the state of a patient:
• Do psychologist tests indicate dementia?
• Does the patient have problems with using language, walking, perception?
• Has memory gotten greatly worse?
• Is the patient over 40?
• Does his/her behavior changes daily?
• Does the patient have a family history of AD?
• Are there other symptoms like depression, weight loss, hallucinations?
Other steps that are involved in making a decision involve laboratory tests (EEG and tests to rule out other diseases) and psychological testing to determine the presence of dementia.
There is no guarantee that some life styles will prevent AD, however, studies show that particular life styles can play very important role in preventing AD. It is crucial to prevent heart diseases. Calcium – Channel Blocker and other Anti – Hypertensive Agents can be used to protect the heart and consequently the brain. Statins which are the common drugs to lower the cholesterol level can also be used to lower the risk for AD. Another method that is used to prevent AD is the Hormone Replacement Therapy. Because of the difference in AD rates among different populations, researches are looking at dietary factors as a protection. In China and Nigeria where fat consumption is much lower than in the U.S. the risk for AD at the age of sixty five is only 1% compared to 5% in the U.S. Studies in Netherlands reported the relationship between dementia and cholesterol levels. Eating a lot of dark colored fruits and vegetables may slow the brain degradation. Blueberries are found to be the most helpful. In any case dark colored fruits and vegetables are good for health. Other studies showed that soy has estrogen which is thought to protect the memory. Some reported that small consumption of alcohol can be effective in stopping the brain aging. Not everybody agrees though. Caffeine has a good effect on women in terms of mental functioning. Much research on AD has showed that oxidation may have an impact in the disease process. Vitamin E may protect from mental decline. Other health behaviors like aerobic exercises or jogging are important in stopping the mental decline. The more person exercise the better. Another aspects that play role in the prevention of mental decline is lifelong learning and stress reduction.
Unfortunately, today we can only try to prevent AD and have no cures. However, there are drugs under investigation that are aimed to slow the progression of the AD. The bad thing is that improvements from some of these drugs can so little that a patient or his/her family would not even notice. The good thing is that even these drugs will help to postpone the necessity of taking a patient to a nursing home (Alzheimer’s Association). The only agents that are approved called selective Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. They are designed to protect the cholinergic system which is responsible for memory and learning and is destroyed in AD. We have the following:
• Donepezil. Donepezil (Aricept) is taken once a day and has only modest benefits but it helps to slow loss of function and reduce caregiver burden. It works equally in patients with or without ApoE4. It may even have some advantage for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease.
• Rivastigmine. Rivastigmine (Exelon) targets two enzymes (the major one, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase). It is taken twice a day. This agent may be particularly beneficial for patients with rapidly progressing disease. This drug has slowed or slightly improved disease status even in patients with advanced disease. (Rivastigmine may cause significantly more side effects than donepezil, including nausea, vomiting, and headache.) As with all anticholinergics, the drug is not a cure.
• Galantamine (Reminyl). Galantamine not only protects the cholinergic system but also acts on nicotine receptors, which are also depleted during Alzheimer’s Studies report that it improves daily living, behavior, and mental functioning, including in patients with mild to advanced−moderate Alzheimer’s disease and those with a mix of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Some studies have suggested that the effects of galantamine may persist for a year or longer and even strengthen over time.
• Tacrine. Tacrine (Cognex) was the first cholinergic protective drug. It needs to be taken four times a day, has only modest benefits, and has no benefits for patients who carry the ApoE4 gene. In high doses, it can also injure the liver. In general, newer cholinergic protective drugs that do not pose as great a risk for the liver are now used for Alzheimer’s (Castleman, Gallagher-Thompson, and Naythons 2000).
Half of the patients that have mild to moderate disease show sight improvement. Latest studies, however, show little difference in effectiveness among them. All these drugs have gastrointestinal side effects, including nausea. Anyway, these drugs still have some effect. Some researchers found that some patient could have no reactions to one particular drug, in this case the drug should be switched and there is actually a chance that it will work. There are also some alternative treatments that are being studied right now. One of them is Gingko Biloba. It is a common herb that increases blood flow to the brain. Its extract Egb 761 may slightly improve the memory of patients that have mild to moderate AD. Gingko Biloba has only minimal side effects. Turmeric also has properties that may protect from AD. Turmeric is a spice that has curcumin as one of its components which is thought to protect from AD. Studies have also found that melatonin, the natural hormone that has to do with sleep regulation, could break down beta amyloid, and it is able to pass through the blood – brain barrier. Studies reported that melatonin improves the sleep, and in some cases even slows the mental regression (H. Simon).
A number of other medical treatments are being investigated and show promise in early or late trials. Researches are focusing on agents that can prevent the build-up of beta amyloid, its toxic effects on nerve cells, or other mechanisms of the disease process. Among them are the following:
• N−methyl−D−aspartate (NMDA) blockers. NMDA blockers, such as memantine (Ebixa), bind to glutamate, an amino acid that excites nerves and, in excess, is a powerful nerve−cell killer. Memantine has shown some to be somewhat effective in improving symptoms and is being considered for approval in Europe and the US.
• Growth factors that stimulate nerve activity in the brain. Cerebrolysin (Cere) is an example of such drugs and is showing promise in clinical trials in improving mental function and other symptoms, with sustained effects even after the drug has been stopped. Leteprinim potassium (Neotrofin) activates genes that produce nerve−growth factor in the brain. Early human trials are suggesting that it may have positive effects on memory and behavior. Insulin and insulin growth factors may prevent beta amyloid accumulation.
• Antioxidants. Indole−3−propionic acid, or IPA (Oxigon), is a natural agent that may interfere with enzymes that contribute to the Alzheimer’s disease process.
• Huperzine alpha, another acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, improved mental function, behavior, and mood in Alzheimer’s disease patients in one Chinese study. Other research also suggests some benefits.
• Piracetam is a nerve protective agent called a nootropic. It has undergone a number of small studies, with few significant results. More research is needed to determine any benefits.
• Researchers are investigating immunotherapies that include vaccines, which use molecules in beta amyloid as targets for the body’s immune system, and antibodies that block proteins called CD40−CD40L, which are involved in amyloid deposition.
• Tetracyclines. Antibiotics known as tetracyclines, such as tetracycline itself, doxycycline, and minocycline, have anti−inflammatory properties that are now being investigated in a number of chronic inflammatory conditions (such as periodontal disease). They also may have activity against beta amyloid in the brain (H. Simon).
The worst thing about Alzheimer’s disease is that it is not fully investigated yet. None of the doctors can surely diagnose it. And what is even worse none can cure it. The worst thing is that AD lethal in all case. Using all the treatments that have been or are still being studied can only postpone the need for the nursing home (Terry, Katzman, Bick, Sisodia 1999).
The issue of Alzheimer’s disease is crucially important to me and should be to everyone. Mainly, because nobody is insured from getting AD and there is no certain way to escape it. Our modern medicine has been developing through ages and now it cures many dangerous diseases; however, it is simply helpless against the Alzheimer’s. If scholars completely investigate AD it will help to understand the brain and its impact on people’s behavior. Using that knowledge it would be possible to impact the brain and its functions. Unfortunately, all the studies that were conducted about AD and were presented above can not state something about AD with a hundred percent certainty. All the medications that are listed above do not stop AD; they can even hardly slow it. It is very unpleasing fact that mankind has greatly developed ways to make the brain progress but have not yet found any way to stop the regression of the brain.
Along with the development of modern technologies, going to the moon and other exciting developments humans face the threat of diseases that affect the process of life and can be lethal in some cases. One of the illnesses that have a great affect on people’s behavior is Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
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The challenges of Alzheimer’s Disease for both the patient and caregiver.
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Question by Kerry: How else could this be worded?
My sister in law has a Psychology report due and I was proof reading it and had a couple of confusing area’s. “Scientists have found that if we all stay healthy by exercising, eating a healthy diet, staying fit and keeping an active social life can help reduce chances of getting Alzheimer’s disease.” Should there be a ‘comma’ after “staying fit” and before the “and”?
Thanks in advance!!! =)
Know better? Leave your own answer in the comments!
Alzheimer’s disease awareness among Latinos needs a boost
Alzheimer’s disease isn’t always easy to recognize because early symptoms can be mistaken for normal aging. This is particularly true in the Latino community where awareness and resources may be in short supply.
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About the Author
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Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder which gradually destroys the ability to reason, remember, imagine, and learn. It’s different from the mild forgetfulness normally observed in older people. Over the course of the disease, people with Alzheimer’s no longer recognize themselves or much about the world around them. Depression, anxiety, and paranoia often accompany these symptoms. Although there is no cure, new treatments help lessen Alzheimer’s symptoms and slow its progression.
Alzheimer’s is marked by abnormal clumps (called senile plaques) and irregular knots (called neurofibrillary tangles) of brain cells. For reasons not well understood, these plaques and tangles take over healthy brain tissue, devastating the areas of the brain associated with intellectual function.
How are people affected?
Over time, their mental abilities deteriorate, gradually progressing through forgetting important matters, getting confused about where they are and what day it is, to becoming lethargic and withdrawn and starting to neglect personal hygiene.
The sufferer may tend to dwell in the past and mistake friends and neighbours for long-departed family members. Conversation may become repetitive and the personality may alter as people develop odd or uncharacteristic behaviours.
In the later stages of the illness, sufferers lose insight and may not be aware of their plight, which makes the disease particularly hard for carers to bear.
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease are often confused with the changes that take place in normal aging, it’s important to recognize the difference. Alzheimer’s disease is not a normal part of aging. Any symptoms that are observed in older relatives or yourself should be considered serious. A doctor’s appointment should be scheduled to determine the cause of the symptoms.
Causes of Alzheimer’s disease
The greatest known cause for Alzheimer’s disease is increasing age. The statistics reveal that the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease doubles about every five years after age 65. The other major cause of Alzheimer’s disease is family history or heredity (genetics). When Alzheimer’s disease tends to run in families, either heredity (genetics) or environmental factors or both may play a major role. Alzheimer’s disease may also be caused by a serious head injury or severe heart diseases that damage the heart or blood vessels.
Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease
Though difficult at the outset, lifestyle changes, change of outlook and active mental and physical routine are supposed to render help in prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. To begin with, let us see how mental stimulation may assist in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease.
Health studies conducted on nuns revealed that those who participated regularly in intellectual pursuits were less likely to contact Alzheimer’s. Further studies also proved that a mere brainwave might not put a stringent check on Alzheimer’s altogether, but it certainly delayed the onset and the progression of the symptoms that are no less distressing. So, for prevention of Alzheimer’s disease one could just about read adventure stories, travel literature, sci-fi stories or do Crossword puzzles, play chess or scrabble.
Cure for Alzheimer:
Although some physicians are using certain medication to either slow down the degeneration process which is done sometimes with the vitamin B12, or to diminish the severity of certain symptoms, behaviors or mood changes, experts all agree on one fact: there is no cure.
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